Do you have Australian ancestry?
If an ancestor disappears from the census or other records in Britain or Ireland, they may well have travelled to Australia, either as a convict or a voluntary migrant.
British migration to Australia began with the sailing of the First Fleet in May 1787. Until the practice of transportation was stopped in 1868, more than 160,000 convicts travelled to the country. Many Irish families fled the famine in their own country by resettling in Australia in the 1840s, and the gold rushes in the 1850s further helped fuel migration.
A chronic manpower shortage ‘down under’ in the period immediately after the Second World War saw the government subsidise migrants with free or cheap travel. Over a million British migrants – 'Ten Pound Poms’ – arrived in Australia between 1945 and 1972.
How to trace Australian ancestry
Australia is divided into six states - New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia – and two territories – the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory. Each state or territory has different regulations concerning its record-keeping, so to trace your Australian ancestors, you must start by trying to work out which state or territory they lived in.
To trace your Australian ancestors, you must start by trying to work out which state or territory they lived in
Using birth records in Australian ancestry
Birth, marriage and death certificates are some of the major sources for Australian ancestry research. Each state began its own system of registration at different times. Tasmania was the first to record such events – starting on 1 December 1838. The majority of the other states began either in the 1840s or the 1850s, but the Northern Territory records start as late as 1870.
The details recorded in the early years were sparse and unhelpful for Australian ancestry research, but more consistent information is usually found from the 1880s onwards. Indeed, the information provided is often more detailed than that given on the same type of record for England and Wales. Certificates of birth, for example, will provide not only the name, date and place of birth of the child, the full names of both parents and at least the father’s occupation, but also their ages and the date and place of their marriage. The number of previous children born to the couple is also recorded.
Marriage certificates will give the full names of the bride and groom, their occupations, ages, birthplaces and the date and place of marriage, along with the full names and occupations of both sets of parents.
Death certificates will give the date, place and cause of death, the age of the deceased and details of the time that person has spent in Australia. Other information given includes the number (and often the names and ages) of the children of the deceased, along with details of his or her parents. The birthplace of the deceased and where they were married are also recorded, along with the name of their spouse and the age at which they married.
Each state has different access rules for their birth, marriage and death records. New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia have made all or part of their indexes available on the internet. Victoria and Queensland will allow you to download uncertified copies of the documents for a fee.
Using electoral registers in Australian ancestry
Australian electoral rolls can be very useful for pinpointing the address of a particular ancestor at a particular time.
There are three sorts of rolls – covering federal, state and local government elections.
State rolls began in the 1840s or 1850s, depending on the state, and federal rolls were introduced on 1 January 1901. Women were given the right to vote in federal elections in 1902, making Australia one of the first countries in the world to provide such rights for its female citizens.
Copies of historic electoral rolls can be found in the state library of the area in question and will provide the residential address of the person sought. Copies may also be located at the National Library of Australia. By looking through consecutive lists, changes in residence may be found and likely dates of death pinpointed. Many electoral rolls are also available on Ancestry and Findmypast.
Other useful Australian ancestry records
Convict records
Many researchers get into Australian ancestry research through tracing a criminal ancestor who was convicted and transported to Australia.
The digitisation of many of the convict records from The National Archives in London by Ancestry has made the task of finding such ancestors much easier.
Its Australian website contains several indexes to the convict transportation registers from 1787 to 1868, as well as the convict musters 1806-1849, convict pardons 1834-1859 and convict lists 1787-1834.
Many of these documents will provide details of the date and place of the trial of the convict and the sentence they were given. By consulting the trial records, or newspaper accounts of it, the misdemeanours of an ancestor can be established along with details of their origins and family.
For those people who were tried in London at the Old Bailey before 1834, transcriptions of their trials are available on the Old Bailey Online website. The majority of the trials were for petty theft of clothes or food and would have been dealt with less severely by the courts today.
Passenger lists
For Australian ancestors who were free or assisted passengers, rather than convicts, it is necessary to seek the appropriate passenger list for details of their arrival.
Again, there is no national index of entry into the country and each state record office will have the material relating to its own area. For example, State Records New South Wales has an online index to assisted immigrants arriving in Sydney between 1844 and 1896.
There is also an index to unassisted immigrants for the period 1842-1855. Other states will have similar material. For dates not covered by the indexes, it can be difficult to pinpoint a particular family – due to the large number of ships arriving in the various ports – unless some idea of a likely date of arrival is known.
1890-1960 passenger lists for migrants leaving the UK for various destinations, including Australia, are available on Findmypast.
Church records
Parish registers are not quite as significant for ancestry research in some parts of Australia as in others, simply because civil registration started in some places at much the same time as the first European settlement in the area.
However, for those places with an older establishment date – such as New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria – parish registers can provide some very useful details for the researcher investigating Australian ancestors before civil registration.
Reverend Johnson performed the first baptism in Australia on 3 February 1788, eight days after the First Fleet arrived and New South Wales was established.
Church records do not provide as much detail as the later civil records. For example, baptismal entries might only provide the name of the child, the date of baptism and the names of the parents. Marriage entries will not give any information about the parents of the happy couple, and burial entries give few details other than the date of burial and the name of the deceased.
Parish registers will be found in the relevant archives office for each state, organised by religious denomination, and have been added to online birth, marriage and death records indexes.
Visiting Australia
A large number of important Australian ancestry records are available on the Internet, and a lot of work can therefore be undertaken from the UK.
However, if you want to do your research in person, a trip to Australia needs to be planned well in advance. The archives all have websites listing opening times and access conditions and it will pay to make sure you know which records you can view and where before you turn up.
Australia is a huge country and if you have to undertake research in more than one location you will need to plan your research time accordingly, leaving yourself plenty of time for travelling from one state to the next. The National Archives in Canberra is several hours away by air from the State Records Office of Western Australia!
Depending on budgets and the time available, it may not be possible to get to everywhere required and it may be worthwhile employing a local searcher for the smaller or more distant tasks.
There are many local family history and historical societies around the country. Contacting them before you depart will allow you to talk to local experts who will be able to give some useful advice on their locality.
Australian archives websites
The following websites are great places to search for archives, records and other sources of inspiration for tracking down Australian ancestry – good luck with your search!
The National Archives of Australia
The National Library of Australia
New South Wales State Archives
State Records Office of Western Australia
Northern Territory Archives Service
Australasian Federation of Family History Organisations
Trove - offers free online access to old newspapers and other collections from the National Library of Australia and partner archives.